Inflammation and cancer.
Studies on transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids.
Factors that affect the probability of genetic transformation of Escherichia coli by plasmids have been evaluated. A set of conditions is described under which about one in every 400 plasmid molecules produces a transformed cell. These conditions include cell growth in medium containing elevated levels of Mg2+, and incubation of the cells at 0 degrees C in a solution of Mn2+, Ca2+, Rb+ or K+, dimethyl sulfoxide, dithiothreitol, and hexamine cobalt (III). Transformation efficiency declines linearly with increasing plasmid size. Relaxed and supercoiled plasmids transform with similar probabilities. Non-transforming DNAs compete consistent with mass. No significant variation is observed between competing DNAs of different source, complexity, length or form. Competition with both transforming and non-transforming plasmids indicates that each cell is capable of taking up many DNA molecules, and that the establishment of a transformation event is neither helped nor hindered significantly by the presence of multiple plasmids.
Inflammation and cancer.
Recent data have expanded the concept that inflammation is a critical component of tumour progression. Many cancers arise from sites of infection, chronic irritation and inflammation. It is now becoming clear that the tumour microenvironment, which is largely orchestrated by inflammatory cells, is an indispensable participant in the neoplastic process, fostering proliferation, survival and migration. In addition, tumour cells have co-opted some of the signalling molecules of the innate immune system, such as selectins, chemokines and their receptors for invasion, migration and metastasis. These insights are fostering new anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches to cancer development.
Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma.
BACKGROUND
An improvement in overall survival among patients with metastatic melanoma has been an elusive goal. In this phase 3 study, ipilimumab–which blocks cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 to potentiate an antitumor T-cell response–administered with or without a glycoprotein 100 (gp100) peptide vaccine was compared with gp100 alone in patients with previously treated metastatic melanoma.
METHODS
A total of 676 HLA-A*0201-positive patients with unresectable stage III or IV melanoma, whose disease had progressed while they were receiving therapy for metastatic disease, were randomly assigned, in a 3:1:1 ratio, to receive ipilimumab plus gp100 (403 patients), ipilimumab alone (137), or gp100 alone (136). Ipilimumab, at a dose of 3 mg per kilogram of body weight, was administered with or without gp100 every 3 weeks for up to four treatments (induction). Eligible patients could receive reinduction therapy. The primary end point was overall survival.
RESULTS
The median overall survival was 10.0 months among patients receiving ipilimumab plus gp100, as compared with 6.4 months among patients receiving gp100 alone (hazard ratio for death, 0.68; P<0.001). The median overall survival with ipilimumab alone was 10.1 months (hazard ratio for death in the comparison with gp100 alone, 0.66; P=0.003). No difference in overall survival was detected between the ipilimumab groups (hazard ratio with ipilimumab plus gp100, 1.04; P=0.76). Grade 3 or 4 immune-related adverse events occurred in 10 to 15% of patients treated with ipilimumab and in 3% treated with gp100 alone. There were 14 deaths related to the study drugs (2.1%), and 7 were associated with immune-related adverse events.
CONCLUSIONS
Ipilimumab, with or without a gp100 peptide vaccine, as compared with gp100 alone, improved overall survival in patients with previously treated metastatic melanoma. Adverse events can be severe, long-lasting, or both, but most are reversible with appropriate treatment. (Funded by Medarex and Bristol-Myers Squibb; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00094653.)
Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation.
In contrast to normal differentiated cells, which rely primarily on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to generate the energy needed for cellular processes, most cancer cells instead rely on aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon termed “the Warburg effect.” Aerobic glycolysis is an inefficient way to generate adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), however, and the advantage it confers to cancer cells has been unclear. Here we propose that the metabolism of cancer cells, and indeed all proliferating cells, is adapted to facilitate the uptake and incorporation of nutrients into the biomass (e.g., nucleotides, amino acids, and lipids) needed to produce a new cell. Supporting this idea are recent studies showing that (i) several signaling pathways implicated in cell proliferation also regulate metabolic pathways that incorporate nutrients into biomass; and that (ii) certain cancer-associated mutations enable cancer cells to acquire and metabolize nutrients in a manner conducive to proliferation rather than efficient ATP production. A better understanding of the mechanistic links between cellular metabolism and growth control may ultimately lead to better treatments for human cancer.
The functions of animal microRNAs.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that regulate the expression of complementary messenger RNAs. Hundreds of miRNA genes have been found in diverse animals, and many of these are phylogenetically conserved. With miRNA roles identified in developmental timing, cell death, cell proliferation, haematopoiesis and patterning of the nervous system, evidence is mounting that animal miRNAs are more numerous, and their regulatory impact more pervasive, than was previously suspected.
Human blastocyst-derived, pluripotent cell lines are described that have normal karyotypes, express high levels of telomerase activity, and express cell surface markers that characterize primate embryonic stem cells but do not characterize other early lineages. After undifferentiated proliferation in vitro for 4 to 5 months, these cells still maintained the developmental potential to form trophoblast and derivatives of all three embryonic germ layers, including gut epithelium (endoderm); cartilage, bone, smooth muscle, and striated muscle (mesoderm); and neural epithelium, embryonic ganglia, and stratified squamous epithelium (ectoderm). These cell lines should be useful in human developmental biology, drug discovery, and transplantation medicine.
MACCONKEY AGAR W/O CRYSTAL VIOLET |
|||
| M13-108-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | Ask for price |
MACCONKEY AGAR W/O CRYSTAL VIOLET |
|||
| M13-108-2kg | Alphabiosciences | 2kg | Ask for price |
MACCONKEY AGAR W/O CRYSTAL VIOLET |
|||
| M13-108-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | Ask for price |
MACCONKEY BROTH |
|||
| M13-111-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 997 |
MACCONKEY BROTH |
|||
| M13-111-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | EUR 256 |
MACCONKEY BROTH |
|||
| M13-111-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 106 |
Agar D, Purified Agar |
|||
| G243 | Bio Basic | 100g | EUR 81.32 |
BCYE AGAR (LEGIONELLA AGAR) |
|||
| B02-103-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 50 |
BCYE AGAR (LEGIONELLA AGAR) |
|||
| B02-103-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | EUR 757 |
BCYE AGAR (LEGIONELLA AGAR) |
|||
| B02-103-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 304 |
Agar |
|||
| abx082160-500g | Abbexa | 500 g | EUR 217 |
LB AGAR - LENNOX LB AGAR |
|||
| L12-100-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 826 |
LB AGAR - LENNOX LB AGAR |
|||
| L12-100-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | EUR 219 |
LB AGAR - LENNOX LB AGAR |
|||
| L12-100-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 96 |
LURIA AGAR - MILLER'S LB AGAR |
|||
| L12-111-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 829 |
LURIA AGAR - MILLER'S LB AGAR |
|||
| L12-111-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | EUR 219 |
LURIA AGAR - MILLER'S LB AGAR |
|||
| L12-111-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 96 |
YM Agar |
|||
| SD7034 | Bio Basic | 250g | EUR 76.1 |
SOB Agar |
|||
| SD7008 | Bio Basic | 250g | EUR 71.75 |
NZCYM Agar |
|||
| SD7011 | Bio Basic | 100g | EUR 63.05 |
NZYM Agar |
|||
| SD7013 | Bio Basic | 100g | EUR 63.05 |
NZM Agar |
|||
| SD7015 | Bio Basic | 100g | EUR 63.05 |
YT Agar |
|||
| SD7017 | Bio Basic | 250g | EUR 76.1 |
2xYT Agar |
|||
| SD7020 | Bio Basic | 250g | EUR 71.75 |
YPD Agar |
|||
| SD7023 | Bio Basic | 250g | EUR 71.75 |
Agar A |
|||
| FB0010 | Bio Basic | 100g | EUR 62.18 |
Agar B |
|||
| FB0012 | Bio Basic | 100g | EUR 63.2 |
Agar C |
|||
| G1253 | Bio Basic | 100g | EUR 60.71 |
Agar, Bacto |
|||
| A2007-050 | GenDepot | 500g | EUR 192 |
Agar, Bacto |
|||
| A2007-250 | GenDepot | 2.5Kg | EUR 604 |
Agar, Bacto |
|||
| A2007-550 | GenDepot | 50Kg | Ask for price |
Spectrum Agar |
|||
| CP044-005 | GenDepot | 500 g | Ask for price |
Spectrum Agar |
|||
| CP044-010 | GenDepot | 1 Kg | Ask for price |
Agar Bacteriological |
|||
| abx082171-500g | Abbexa | 500 g | EUR 578 |
Agar (bacteriological) |
|||
| A2530-2000000 | ApexBio | 2 kg | EUR 383 |
|
Description: microbiological culture mediapasses growth performance tests with known ATCC strainsWilliams, S., Slatko, B., and McCarrey, J., Laboratory Investigations in Molecular BiologyJones and Bartlett, Sudbury, MA (2006)store dry at room temperature, CAS 9002-18-0 |
|||
Agar (bacteriological) |
|||
| A2530-500000 | ApexBio | 500 g | EUR 142 |
|
Description: microbiological culture mediapasses growth performance tests with known ATCC strainsWilliams, S., Slatko, B., and McCarrey, J., Laboratory Investigations in Molecular BiologyJones and Bartlett, Sudbury, MA (2006)store dry at room temperature, CAS 9002-18-0 |
|||
DEOXYCHOLATE AGAR |
|||
| D04-104-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 1319 |
DEOXYCHOLATE AGAR |
|||
| D04-104-2kg | Alphabiosciences | 2kg | EUR 326 |
DEOXYCHOLATE AGAR |
|||
| D04-104-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 125 |
DRBC AGAR |
|||
| D04-114-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 1221 |
DRBC AGAR |
|||
| D04-114-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | EUR 305 |
DRBC AGAR |
|||
| D04-114-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 119 |
FUNGISEL AGAR |
|||
| F06-103-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 2744 |
FUNGISEL AGAR |
|||
| F06-103-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | EUR 636 |
FUNGISEL AGAR |
|||
| F06-103-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 209 |
GC AGAR |
|||
| G07-100-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 816 |
GC AGAR |
|||
| G07-100-2kg | Alphabiosciences | 2kg | EUR 217 |
GC AGAR |
|||
| G07-100-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 95 |
LB Agar |
|||
| G247 | ABM | 500 g | EUR 183 |
BIGGY AGAR |
|||
| B02-105-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 1827 |
BIGGY AGAR |
|||
| B02-105-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | EUR 436 |
BIGGY AGAR |
|||
| B02-105-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 155 |
BRUCELLA AGAR |
|||
| B02-119-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 1464 |
BRUCELLA AGAR |
|||
| B02-119-2kg | Alphabiosciences | 2kg | EUR 357 |
BRUCELLA AGAR |
|||
| B02-119-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 134 |
BACTERIOLOGICAL AGAR |
|||
| B02-127-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 930 |
BACTERIOLOGICAL AGAR |
|||
| B02-127-2kg | Alphabiosciences | 2kg | EUR 244 |
BACTERIOLOGICAL AGAR |
|||
| B02-127-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 103 |
K- AGAR |
|||
| K11-103-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 1380 |
K- AGAR |
|||
| K11-103-2kg | Alphabiosciences | 2kg | EUR 339 |
K- AGAR |
|||
| K11-103-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 129 |
EUGONIC AGAR |
|||
| E05-106-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | Ask for price |
EUGONIC AGAR |
|||
| E05-106-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | Ask for price |
EUGONIC AGAR |
|||
| E05-106-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | Ask for price |
ENDO AGAR |
|||
| E05-110-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 2381 |
ENDO AGAR |
|||
| E05-110-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | EUR 557 |
ENDO AGAR |
|||
| E05-110-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 188 |
CLED AGAR |
|||
| C03-101-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 1485 |
CLED AGAR |
|||
| C03-101-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | EUR 362 |
CLED AGAR |
|||
| C03-101-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 135 |
CLOSTRISEL AGAR |
|||
| C03-110-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 1033 |
CLOSTRISEL AGAR |
|||
| C03-110-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | EUR 264 |
CLOSTRISEL AGAR |
|||
| C03-110-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 108 |
APT AGAR |
|||
| A01-101-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 1173 |
APT AGAR |
|||
| A01-101-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | EUR 294 |
APT AGAR |
|||
| A01-101-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 116 |
AGAR, BACTERIOLOGICAL |
|||
| A01-102-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 1684 |
AGAR, BACTERIOLOGICAL |
|||
| A01-102-2kg | Alphabiosciences | 2kg | EUR 405 |
AGAR, BACTERIOLOGICAL |
|||
| A01-102-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 146 |
AGAR,NOBLE |
|||
| A01-102N-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 3910 |
AGAR,NOBLE |
|||
| A01-102N-2kg | Alphabiosciences | 2kg | EUR 889 |
AGAR,NOBLE |
|||
| A01-102N-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 278 |
ANAEROBIC AGAR |
|||
| A01-115-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 2556 |
ANAEROBIC AGAR |
|||
| A01-115-2kg | Alphabiosciences | 2kg | EUR 595 |
ANAEROBIC AGAR |
|||
| A01-115-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 198 |
MALT AGAR |
|||
| M13-112-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 50 |
MALT AGAR |
|||
| M13-112-2kg | Alphabiosciences | 2kg | EUR 50 |
MALT AGAR |
|||
| M13-112-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 50 |
MYCOLOGICAL AGAR |
|||
| M13-138-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | Ask for price |
MYCOLOGICAL AGAR |
|||
| M13-138-2kg | Alphabiosciences | 2kg | Ask for price |
MYCOLOGICAL AGAR |
|||
| M13-138-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | Ask for price |
MYP AGAR |
|||
| M13-149-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 949 |
MYP AGAR |
|||
| M13-149-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | EUR 245 |
MYP AGAR |
|||
| M13-149-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 103 |
